Показаны сообщения с ярлыком Phonetics. Показать все сообщения
Показаны сообщения с ярлыком Phonetics. Показать все сообщения
пятница, 3 апреля 2015 г.
четверг, 2 апреля 2015 г.
среда, 1 апреля 2015 г.
воскресенье, 29 марта 2015 г.
суббота, 28 марта 2015 г.
четверг, 26 марта 2015 г.
четверг, 29 января 2015 г.
Phonemic chart
Use the phonemic
chart to learn how to write in transcription and pronounce English sounds.
четверг, 2 октября 2014 г.
Rhythm and Intonation
Dear students! At this web site there are video lessons on English intonation. I hope you'll find the lessons useful.
вторник, 27 мая 2014 г.
English isn’t as easy as you think
Get ready to
read the sentences. Comment upon the passages in blue.
You think English is easy?
1) The bandage was wound around the wound.
2) The farm was used to produce produce.
3) The dump was so full that it had to refuse more refuse.
4) We must polish the Polish furniture..
5) He could lead if he would get the lead out.
6) The soldier decided to desert his dessert in the desert..
7) Since there is no time like the present, he thought it was time to present the present.
8) A bass was painted on the head of the bass drum.
9) When shot at, the dove dove into the bushes.
10) I did not object to the object.
11) The insurance was invalid for the invalid.
12) There was a row among the oarsmen about how to row.
13) They were too close to the door to close it.
14) The buck does funny things when the does are present.
15) A seamstress and a sewer fell down into a sewer line.
16) To help with planting, the farmer taught his sow to sow.
17) The wind was too strong to wind the sail.
18) Upon seeing the tear in the painting I shed a tear..
19) I had to subject the subject to a series of tests.
20) How can I intimate this to my most intimate friend?
Let's face it - English is a crazy language. There is no egg in eggplant, nor ham in hamburger; neither apple nor pine in pineapple. English muffins weren't invented in England or French fries in France . Sweetmeats are candies while sweetbreads, which aren't sweet, are meat. We take English for granted. But if we explore its paradoxes, we find that quicksand can work slowly, boxing rings are square and a guinea pig is neither from Guinea nor is it a pig.
And why is it that writers write but fingers don't fing, grocers don't groce and hammers don't ham? If the plural of tooth is teeth, why isn't the plural of booth, beeth? One goose, 2 geese. So one moose, 2 meese? One index, 2 indices? Doesn't it seem crazy that you can make amends but not one amend? If you have a bunch of odds and ends and get rid of all but one of them, what do you call it?
If teachers taught, why didn't preachers praught? If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? Sometimes I think all the English speakers should be committed to an asylum for the verbally insane. In what language do people recite at a play and play at a recital? Ship by truck and send cargo by ship? Have noses that run and feet that smell?
How can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same, while a wise man and a wise guy are opposites? You have to marvel at the unique lunacy of a language in which your house can burn up as it burns down, in which you fill in a form by filling it out and in which, an alarm goes off by going on.
English was invented by people, not computers, and it reflects the creativity of the human race, which, of course, is not a race at all. That is why, when the stars are out, they are visible, but when the lights are out, they are invisible.
1) The bandage was wound around the wound.
2) The farm was used to produce produce.
3) The dump was so full that it had to refuse more refuse.
4) We must polish the Polish furniture..
5) He could lead if he would get the lead out.
6) The soldier decided to desert his dessert in the desert..
7) Since there is no time like the present, he thought it was time to present the present.
8) A bass was painted on the head of the bass drum.
9) When shot at, the dove dove into the bushes.
10) I did not object to the object.
11) The insurance was invalid for the invalid.
12) There was a row among the oarsmen about how to row.
13) They were too close to the door to close it.
14) The buck does funny things when the does are present.
15) A seamstress and a sewer fell down into a sewer line.
16) To help with planting, the farmer taught his sow to sow.
17) The wind was too strong to wind the sail.
18) Upon seeing the tear in the painting I shed a tear..
19) I had to subject the subject to a series of tests.
20) How can I intimate this to my most intimate friend?
Let's face it - English is a crazy language. There is no egg in eggplant, nor ham in hamburger; neither apple nor pine in pineapple. English muffins weren't invented in England or French fries in France . Sweetmeats are candies while sweetbreads, which aren't sweet, are meat. We take English for granted. But if we explore its paradoxes, we find that quicksand can work slowly, boxing rings are square and a guinea pig is neither from Guinea nor is it a pig.
And why is it that writers write but fingers don't fing, grocers don't groce and hammers don't ham? If the plural of tooth is teeth, why isn't the plural of booth, beeth? One goose, 2 geese. So one moose, 2 meese? One index, 2 indices? Doesn't it seem crazy that you can make amends but not one amend? If you have a bunch of odds and ends and get rid of all but one of them, what do you call it?
If teachers taught, why didn't preachers praught? If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? Sometimes I think all the English speakers should be committed to an asylum for the verbally insane. In what language do people recite at a play and play at a recital? Ship by truck and send cargo by ship? Have noses that run and feet that smell?
How can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same, while a wise man and a wise guy are opposites? You have to marvel at the unique lunacy of a language in which your house can burn up as it burns down, in which you fill in a form by filling it out and in which, an alarm goes off by going on.
English was invented by people, not computers, and it reflects the creativity of the human race, which, of course, is not a race at all. That is why, when the stars are out, they are visible, but when the lights are out, they are invisible.
Pronunciation poem
If you can pronounce correctly every word in this poem, you will be speaking English better than 90% of the native English speakers in the world.
After trying the verses, a Frenchman said he’d prefer six months of hard labour to reading six lines aloud.
Dearest creature in creation,
Study English pronunciation.
I will teach you in my verse
Sounds like corpse, corps, horse, and worse.
I will keep you, Suzy, busy,
Make your head with heat grow dizzy.
Tear in eye, your dress will tear.
So shall I! Oh hear my prayer.
Just compare heart, beard, and heard,
Dies and diet, lord and word,
Sword and sward, retain and Britain.
(Mind the latter, how it’s written.)
Now I surely will not plague you
With such words as plaque and ague.
But be careful how you speak:
Say break and steak, but bleak and streak;
Cloven, oven, how and low,
Script, receipt, show, poem, and toe.
Hear me say, devoid of trickery,
Daughter, laughter, and Terpsichore,
Typhoid, measles, topsails, aisles,
Exiles, similes, and reviles;
Scholar, vicar, and cigar,
Solar, mica, war and far;
One, anemone, Balmoral,
Kitchen, lichen, laundry, laurel;
Gertrude, German, wind and mind,
Scene, Melpomene, mankind.
Billet does not rhyme with ballet,
Bouquet, wallet, mallet, chalet.
Blood and flood are not like food,
Nor is mould like should and would.
Viscous, viscount, load and broad,
Toward, to forward, to reward.
And your pronunciation’s OK
When you correctly say croquet,
Rounded, wounded, grieve and sieve,
Friend and fiend, alive and live.
Ivy, privy, famous; clamour
And enamour rhyme with hammer.
River, rival, tomb, bomb, comb,
Doll and roll and some and home.
Stranger does not rhyme with anger,
Neither does devour with clangour.
Souls but foul, haunt but aunt,
Font, front, wont, want, grand, and grant,
Shoes, goes, does. Now first say finger,
And then singer, ginger, linger,
Real, zeal, mauve, gauze, gouge and gauge,
Marriage, foliage, mirage, and age.
Query does not rhyme with very,
Nor does fury sound like bury.
Dost, lost, post and doth, cloth, loth.
Job, nob, bosom, transom, oath.
Though the differences seem little,
We say actual but victual.
Refer does not rhyme with deafer.
Fe0ffer does, and zephyr, heifer.
Mint, pint, senate and sedate;
Dull, bull, and George ate late.
Scenic, Arabic, Pacific,
Science, conscience, scientific.
Liberty, library, heave and heaven,
Rachel, ache, moustache, eleven.
We say hallowed, but allowed,
People, leopard, towed, but vowed.
Mark the differences, moreover,
Between mover, cover, clover;
Leeches, breeches, wise, precise,
Chalice, but police and lice;
Camel, constable, unstable,
Principle, disciple, label.
Petal, panel, and canal,
Wait, surprise, plait, promise, pal.
Worm and storm, chaise, chaos, chair,
Senator, spectator, mayor.
Tour, but our and succour, four.
Gas, alas, and Arkansas.
Sea, idea, Korea, area,
Psalm, Maria, but malaria.
Youth, south, southern, cleanse and clean.
Doctrine, turpentine, marine.
Compare alien with Italian,
Dandelion and battalion.
Sally with ally, yea, ye,
Eye, I, ay, aye, whey, and key.
Say aver, but ever, fever,
Neither, leisure, skein, deceiver.
Heron, granary, canary.
Crevice and device and aerie.
Face, but preface, not efface.
Phlegm, phlegmatic, ass, glass, bass.
Large, but target, gin, give, verging,
Ought, out, joust and scour, scourging.
Ear, but earn and wear and tear
Do not rhyme with here but ere.
Seven is right, but so is even,
Hyphen, roughen, nephew Stephen,
Monkey, donkey, Turk and jerk,
Ask, grasp, wasp, and cork and work.
Pronunciation (think of Psyche!)
Is a paling stout and spikey?
Won’t it make you lose your wits,
Writing groats and saying grits?
It’s a dark abyss or tunnel:
Strewn with stones, stowed, solace, gunwale,
Islington and Isle of Wight,
Housewife, verdict and indict.
Finally, which rhymes with enough,
Though, through, plough, or dough, or cough?
Hiccough has the sound of cup.
My advice is to give up!!!
English Pronunciation by G. Nolst TrenitéStudy English pronunciation.
I will teach you in my verse
Sounds like corpse, corps, horse, and worse.
I will keep you, Suzy, busy,
Make your head with heat grow dizzy.
Tear in eye, your dress will tear.
So shall I! Oh hear my prayer.
Just compare heart, beard, and heard,
Dies and diet, lord and word,
Sword and sward, retain and Britain.
(Mind the latter, how it’s written.)
Now I surely will not plague you
With such words as plaque and ague.
But be careful how you speak:
Say break and steak, but bleak and streak;
Cloven, oven, how and low,
Script, receipt, show, poem, and toe.
Hear me say, devoid of trickery,
Daughter, laughter, and Terpsichore,
Typhoid, measles, topsails, aisles,
Exiles, similes, and reviles;
Scholar, vicar, and cigar,
Solar, mica, war and far;
One, anemone, Balmoral,
Kitchen, lichen, laundry, laurel;
Gertrude, German, wind and mind,
Scene, Melpomene, mankind.
Billet does not rhyme with ballet,
Bouquet, wallet, mallet, chalet.
Blood and flood are not like food,
Nor is mould like should and would.
Viscous, viscount, load and broad,
Toward, to forward, to reward.
And your pronunciation’s OK
When you correctly say croquet,
Rounded, wounded, grieve and sieve,
Friend and fiend, alive and live.
Ivy, privy, famous; clamour
And enamour rhyme with hammer.
River, rival, tomb, bomb, comb,
Doll and roll and some and home.
Stranger does not rhyme with anger,
Neither does devour with clangour.
Souls but foul, haunt but aunt,
Font, front, wont, want, grand, and grant,
Shoes, goes, does. Now first say finger,
And then singer, ginger, linger,
Real, zeal, mauve, gauze, gouge and gauge,
Marriage, foliage, mirage, and age.
Query does not rhyme with very,
Nor does fury sound like bury.
Dost, lost, post and doth, cloth, loth.
Job, nob, bosom, transom, oath.
Though the differences seem little,
We say actual but victual.
Refer does not rhyme with deafer.
Fe0ffer does, and zephyr, heifer.
Mint, pint, senate and sedate;
Dull, bull, and George ate late.
Scenic, Arabic, Pacific,
Science, conscience, scientific.
Liberty, library, heave and heaven,
Rachel, ache, moustache, eleven.
We say hallowed, but allowed,
People, leopard, towed, but vowed.
Mark the differences, moreover,
Between mover, cover, clover;
Leeches, breeches, wise, precise,
Chalice, but police and lice;
Camel, constable, unstable,
Principle, disciple, label.
Petal, panel, and canal,
Wait, surprise, plait, promise, pal.
Worm and storm, chaise, chaos, chair,
Senator, spectator, mayor.
Tour, but our and succour, four.
Gas, alas, and Arkansas.
Sea, idea, Korea, area,
Psalm, Maria, but malaria.
Youth, south, southern, cleanse and clean.
Doctrine, turpentine, marine.
Compare alien with Italian,
Dandelion and battalion.
Sally with ally, yea, ye,
Eye, I, ay, aye, whey, and key.
Say aver, but ever, fever,
Neither, leisure, skein, deceiver.
Heron, granary, canary.
Crevice and device and aerie.
Face, but preface, not efface.
Phlegm, phlegmatic, ass, glass, bass.
Large, but target, gin, give, verging,
Ought, out, joust and scour, scourging.
Ear, but earn and wear and tear
Do not rhyme with here but ere.
Seven is right, but so is even,
Hyphen, roughen, nephew Stephen,
Monkey, donkey, Turk and jerk,
Ask, grasp, wasp, and cork and work.
Pronunciation (think of Psyche!)
Is a paling stout and spikey?
Won’t it make you lose your wits,
Writing groats and saying grits?
It’s a dark abyss or tunnel:
Strewn with stones, stowed, solace, gunwale,
Islington and Isle of Wight,
Housewife, verdict and indict.
Finally, which rhymes with enough,
Though, through, plough, or dough, or cough?
Hiccough has the sound of cup.
My advice is to give up!!!
среда, 26 марта 2014 г.
Strong and weak forms
Words
|
Strong
Forms
|
Weak Forms (quantitative reduction, qualitative reduction, elision of sounds)
|
Examples
|
Articles
the
|
ði:
|
ðə + consonant
|
glʊk ət ðə ╲bʊk
|
ði･, ði, ðI + vowel
|
aIl gteIk ðI Ig ╲zæm
| ||
a
|
eI + C
|
ə + С
|
hIəz ə ╲letə
|
an
|
æn + V
|
æn + V
|
hIəz æn ╲æpl
|
Prepositions
at
|
æt
|
ət
|
ət ╲həʊm
|
from
|
frɒm
|
frəm
|
frəm ╲lLndən
|
of
|
ɒv
|
əv, v
|
ə gʤLg əv ╲mIlk
|
to
|
tu:
|
tə + C
|
gspi:k tə ðə ╲di:n
|
tu･, tʊ + V
|
gkLm tʊ ə kən╲klu:ʒn
| ||
into
|
Intu:
|
Intə + C
|
gkLm Intʊ ðə ╲ru:m
|
Intʊ + V
|
gpʊt It Intʊ ə ╲bɒks
| ||
for
|
fɔ: + C
|
fə + C
|
gkLm fə ╲ti:
|
fɔ:r + V
|
fər + V
|
gkLm fər ə ╲tɔ:k
| |
Pronouns
you
|
ju:
|
ju･, ju, jʊ
|
ju ə ╲raIt
|
he
|
hi:
|
hi･, hi, hI
|
hIz ╲fri:
|
she
|
ʃi:
|
ʃi･, ʃi, ʃI
|
ʃIz ╲prItI
|
we
|
wi:
|
wi･, wi, wI
|
wI ə╲gri:
|
me
|
mi:
|
mi･, mi, mI
|
glet mI ╲si:
|
her
|
hɜ: + C
|
hɜ･, hə, ə + C
|
gnIkz hə ╲sLn
|
hɜ:r + V
|
hər, ər + V
|
gtel hər ╲ɔ:l
| |
his
|
hIz
|
Iz
|
aI glaIk Iz ╲feIs
|
him
|
hIm
|
Im
|
gsend Im ə ╲wɜ:d
|
us
|
Ls
|
əs, s
|
gli:v əs In ╲pi:s
|
them
|
ðem
|
ðəm, əm
|
gɑ:sk ðəm tə ╲du: It
|
your
|
jɔ: + C
|
jɔ･, jɔ, jə + C
|
ghIəz jə ╲hæt
|
jɔ:r + V
|
jɔ･r, jɔr, jər + V
|
aIm jər gəʊld ╲frend
| |
our
|
aʊə + C
|
aə + C
|
gbraʊnz aə ╲neIbə
|
aʊər + V
|
aər + V
|
hIz aər gəʊld ╲frend
| |
Verbs
be
|
bi:
|
bi･, bi, bI
|
gdəʊnt bI ╲nɔ:tI
|
been
|
bi:n
|
bi･n, bin, bIn
|
aIv bIn ╲qIŋkIŋ
|
am
|
æm
|
m – after I, əm
|
aIm ╲taIəd
|
are
|
ɑ: + C
|
ɑ･, ə + C
|
jʊə ╲leIt
|
ɑ:r + V
|
ɑ･r, ər + V
|
jʊər ə╲ləʊn
| |
is
|
ɪz
|
z – after voiced consonants and vowels
|
gweəz ╲nɪk
|
s – after voiceless consonants
|
gðæts╲ raɪt
| ||
ɪz – after s, z, ʃ, ʒ tʃ, dʒ
|
ðə ghaʊs ɪz ╲lɑ:dʒ
| ||
was
|
wɒz
|
wəz
|
gwɒt wəz ╲rɒŋ
|
were
|
wɜ: + C
|
wɜ･, wɜ, wə + C
|
ðə gtri:z wə ╲gri:n
|
wɜ:r + V
|
wɜ･r, wɜr, wər + V
|
ðə gbɔɪz wər ╲ɒnɪst
| |
have
|
hæv
|
həv, əv, v – after personal pronouns
|
ðə gkɑ:z əv ╲stɒpt
|
has
|
hæz
|
həz, əz, z – after voiced consonants and vowels
s – after voiceless consonants
|
ðə gdɒktə həz ╲kʌm
|
had
|
hæd
|
həd, əd, d – after personal pronouns
|
mnɪk həd ˈfɪnɪʃt ɪt baɪ ╲faɪv
|
can
|
kæn
|
kən, kn
|
ðeɪ kən ╲steɪ
|
could
|
kʊd
|
kəd, kd
|
ðeɪ kən ╲fəʊn
|
must
|
mʌst
|
məst, məs
|
aɪ məst ╲wɔ:n ɪm
|
will
|
wɪl
|
l
|
ðeɪl ə╲gri:
|
would
|
wʊd
|
wəd, əd, d – after personal pronouns
|
ðə ggɜ:l wəd ╲steɪ
|
shall
|
ʃæl
|
ʃəl, ʃl – after personal pronouns
|
wɪ ʃəl ╲wɜ:k
|
should
|
ʃʊd
|
ʃəd, ʃd – after personal pronouns
|
aɪ ʃəd glaɪk tə ╲steɪ
|
do
|
du:
|
du･, du, dʊ, də
|
gwɒt də ðeɪ ╲nəʊ
|
does
|
dʌz
|
dəz
|
gwen dəz ɪ ╲kʌm
|
Conjunctions
and
|
ænd
|
ənd, ən, n
|
beɪkn ənd ╲egz
|
but
|
bʌt
|
bət
|
bət gwaɪ ╲nɒt
|
that
|
ðæt
|
ðət
|
jʊ gnəʊ ðət jʊə ╲rɒŋ
|
than
|
ðæn
|
ðən, ðn
|
ɪts gwɔ:mə ðən ╲jestədɪ
|
as
|
æz
|
əz
|
əz gsu:n əz ╲pɒsɪbl
|
or
|
ɔ: + C
|
ɔ･, ɔ, ə + C
|
gred ɔ ╲waɪt
|
ɔ:r + V
|
ɔ･r, ɔr, ər + V
|
gtɒm ɔr ╲æn
| |
Particles
to
|
tu:
|
tə + C
|
gtraɪ tə ╲du: ɪt
|
tʊ + V
|
gtraɪ tʊ ╲i:t ɪt
| ||
there
|
ðeə
|
ðə + C
|
ðə wə ╲letəz
|
ðər + V
|
ðər ə ╲tʃɪldrən
|
С — consonant; V — vowel
The weak forms of
the words listed in the table should be used in unstressed positions.
The strong forms
of auxiliary and modal verbs, personal and possessive pronouns and form-words
are by far more rarely used. They are used in their strong forms when they are
said in isolation, when they become the communicative centres of utterances.
The following cases should be also remembered as the traditional use of strong
forms in the English language.
Prepositions have their strong forms though they might remain unstressed:
(a) at the very end of an intonation group or
phrase, eg
What are you looking at? [gwɒt ə jʊ ╲lʊkɪŋ æt].
(b) at the end of an intonation group or phrase when
they are followed by the unstressed pronoun. Monosyllabic prepositions are
either stressed or not, according to the rhythmic pattern of the phrase, eg
I'm not talking to you.[ aɪm gnɒt ╲tɔ:kɪŋ tu: jʊ]
but: [aɪm mnɒt ˈtɔ:kɪŋ
tə ╲ju:]
Polysyllabic
prepositions followed by a pronoun at the end of a phrase are stressed as a
rule, eg
Have a look under
it. [mhæv ə ˈlʊk ╲ʌndər ɪt].
Auxiliary and modal verbs have
their strong forms:
(a)
at the end of an
intonation group or a phrase whether stressed or not, eg
Who has done it? — Mary has. [╲meərɪ hæz].
Are you free? — I am. [aɪ ╲æm].
(b)
At the beginning
of general and alternative questions in careful colloquial style, while in
rapid colloquial style they are unstressed and reduced, eg
Can you get it by
tomorrow? [mkæn jʊ ˈget ɪt baɪ tə╲mɒrəʊ],
but: Have you got any matches? [həv jʊ ggɒt enɪ ╲mætʃɪz].
(c)
In contracted
negative forms, eg
1 don’t know the man. [aɪ gdəʊnt ╲nəʊ ðə mæn].
The following
form-words should be remembered as having no weak forms whatsoever: what,
where, when, how, which, on, in, with, then.
The verb to have
used as a content verb in the meaning of
‘to possess’ has no weak
forms (whether stressed or not) though
often unstressed, eg
I have a little brother [aɪ hæv ə glɪtl ╲brʌðə].
The demonstrative
pronoun that is never reduced while
the conjunction that is, eg
I know that [aɪ ╲nəʊ ðæt],
but: I know that he is here. [aɪ gnəʊ ðət hɪz ╲hɪə].
Neither are
reduced the absolute forms of possessive pronouns, eg.
The ball-реп is mine. [ðə gbɔ:l pen ɪz ╲maɪn].
All the
form-words, auxiliary and modal verbs, personal and possessive pronouns are
generally stressed and consequently have their strong forms in case they become
the logical centres of phrases, eg
I’m speaking of your work, not
of your sister’s. [aɪm
gspi:kɪŋ əv ╲jɔ: wɜ:k | gnɒt əv
jə ╲sɪstəz]
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